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fastidiosa in French Polynesia, Hawaii, Easter Island and the Cook Islands. fastidiosa in California’s wilderness, agricultural, and urban landscapes. Consequently, the establishment of GWSS in California has irrevocably changed the ecology of X. fastidiosa into native vegetation in California that previously has had no prior association with the bacterium is particularly worrisome as it may lead to new disease epidemics not previously seen. The potential effect of GWSS vectoring X. fastidiosa combination has devastated or has the potential to adversely affect many agricultural crops, urban ornamental and landscape plants, and possibly native vegetation. fastidiosa has been associated with disease in avocados (Montero-Astúa et al. 1994) and coffee (coffee leaf scorch) (de Lima et al. fastidiosa cause disease in citrus (citrus variegated chlorosis) (Hartung et al. fastidiosa strains and their ornamental host sources (extracted from Hernandez-Martinez et al. The bacterium has already been found to be the causative agent of two previously unrecognized diseases in olive trees and liquidambar. fastidiosa induced diseases are identified. fastidiosa vectored by GWSS is likely to increase as new hosts expressing X. The number and type of plant diseases caused by X. fastidiosa, the causative agent of Pierce’s disease (PD), on grapes, almond leaf scorch, alfalfa dwarf, and oleander leaf scorch.
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The ability of GWSS to spread the xylem-dwelling plant pathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is the key reason GWSS is classified as a serious pest in California and elsewhere. Adults consume 1.8 - 2.9 ml of fluid per day on cowpea and 0.2ml - 4.5 ml when feeding on citrus.
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GWSS has piercing-sucking mouthparts, and nymphs and adults feed exclusively on xylem fluids. It has since become widely established in several counties across southern California (CDFA 2003). GWSS has also successfully invaded French Polynesia (the Society Islands, Marquesas and Austral Island groups),, Hawaii, Easter Island, and the Cook Islands (established 2007 ). It is thought that GWSS invaded and established in southern California sometime around 1990 (Sorensen and Gill 1996). This was facilitated, in part, by a lack of co-evolved natural enemies in the invaded area, coupled with irrigation of agricultural and urban areas in desert habitats normally too dry to support GWSS populations (Hoddle 2004a), and possibly adaptation to the environment of Southern California.The glassy-winged sharpshooter (GWSS), Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), is native to the southeastern United States and northeastern Mexico. Figure 1. Adult glassy-winged sharpshooter.Īfter a significant lag phase, extraordinary population growth occurred about 10 years after its successful establishment in California.